Diabetes mellitus is a complex and insidious syndrome characterised by abnormalities in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.

This may be related to the destruction of special cells in the pancreas (Type 1), or from impaired insulin function, related commonly to obesity and lifestyle factors (Type 2). Type 1 diabetes represents only 10-15% of primary diabetes cases in Australia.

All you need to know about toothaches

A toothache refers to pain in the teeth and jaw that is uncomfortable, and sometimes debilitating. Common symptoms of a toothache include:

• Pain in the affected tooth, particularly when chewing
• Swelling around the affected tooth
• Swelling of your jaw and face
• Sensitivity to hot and cold food
• Bleeding from your tooth or gums

About diabetes

Diabetes can cause extensive disability, poor quality of life, functional impairment and premature death, especially if the disease remains undiagnosed or poorly managed. Diabetes is associated with a range of complications and functional impairment; including coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease, stroke, diabetic neuropathy, gangrene leading to amputations, renal failure, male impotence and blindness. Smoking makes these complications worse.

How diabetes affects your mouth

High blood sugar levels can cause a variety of changes leading to oral health problems such as:

• Narrowing of the blood vessels, including those that supply the gums, which reduces blood flow and therefore increases infection.
• A decrease in saliva in the mouth, which is used to neutralise acid in the mouth and wash away flood debris and bacteria.
• An increase in sugar in the gingival fluid, leading to an increase in cavities, especially on the root surface of teeth.

Increased risk of mouth infections, such as the fungal infection, Thrush. These infections can lead to a burning, painful mouth and turn into ulcers.